• Abstract
  Amanzi angcolile anosawoti omningi, akhiqizwa ezinqubweni zezimboni ezifana nokuhluzwa kukawoyela, ukukhiqizwa kwamakhemikhali, nezitshalo zokukhipha usawoti emanzini, adala izinselele ezinkulu zemvelo nezomnotho ngenxa yokwakheka kwawo okuyinkimbinkimbi nokuqukethwe kukasawoti omningi. Izindlela zokwelapha zendabuko, okuhlanganisa ukuhwamuka kanye nokuhlunga ulwelwesi, kuvame ukulwa nokungasebenzi kahle kwamandla noma ukungcola kwesibili. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-ion-membrane electrolysis njengendlela emisha yokwelapha amanzi angcolile anosawoti omningi. Ngokusebenzisa izimiso ze-electrochemical kanye nolwelwesi olukhethiwe lwe-ion-exchange, lobu buchwepheshe bunikeza izixazululo ezingaba khona zokubuyiswa kukasawoti, ukuwohloka kwe-organic, nokuhlanzwa kwamanzi. Kuxoxwa ngezinqubo zokuthutha ezikhethwa yi-ion, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, kanye nokuqina, kanye nezinselelo ezifana nokungcoliswa kwe-membrane nokugqwala. Izibonelo zezifundo kanye nentuthuko yakamuva igqamisa indima ethembisayo yama-ion-membrane electrolyzers ekulawuleni okuzinzile kwamanzi angcolile.

• 1. Isingeniso*
  Amanzi angcolile anosawoti omningi, abonakala ngezinto eziqinile ezincibilikisiwe ezedlula u-5,000 mg/L, yinkinga ebucayi ezimbonini lapho ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwamanzi kanye nokukhishwa kwe-zero-liquid discharge (ZLD) kubekwa phambili. Ukwelashwa okuvamile okufana ne-reverse osmosis (RO) kanye nokuhwamuka okushisayo kubhekana nemikhawulo ekusingatheni izimo ezinosawoti ophakeme, okuholela ezindlekweni zokusebenza eziphezulu kanye nokonakala kolwelwesi. I-ion-membrane electrolysis, eyakhelwe ukukhiqizwa kwe-chlor-alkali, isivele njengenye indlela eguquguqukayo. Lobu buchwepheshe busebenzisa ulwelwesi olukhethayo lwe-ion ukuze luhlukanise futhi lulawule ukufuduka kwe-ion phakathi ne-electrolysis, olwenza ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi ngesikhathi esisodwa kanye nokutholwa kwezinsiza.

• 2. Isimiso se-Ion-Membrane Electrolysis*
  I-ion-membrane electrolyzer iqukethe i-anode, i-cathode, kanye nolwelwesi lwe-cation-exchange noma ulwelwesi lwe-anion-exchange. Ngesikhathi se-electrolysis:
• I-Cation-Exchange Membrane:Ivumela ama-cations (isb., Na⁺, Ca²⁺) ukuthi adlule ngenkathi ivimbela ama-anion (Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻), iqondisa ukuthuthela kwe-ion kuma-electrode afanele.
• Ukusabela kwe-Electrochemical:
• I-Anode:I-oxidation ye-chloride ion ikhiqiza igesi ye-chlorine ne-hypochlorite, eyehlisa imvelo futhi ibulale amagciwane emanzini.
  2Cl−→Cl2+2e−2Cl⁻ → Cl₂ + 2e⁻2Cl−→Cl2+2e−
• I-Cathode:Ukuncishiswa kwamanzi kukhiqiza igesi ye-hydrogen nama-ion we-hydroxide, okuthuthukisa i-pH futhi kukhuthaze ukuna kwe-ion yensimbi.
  2H2O+2e−→H2+2OH−2H₂O + 2e⁻ → H₂ + 2OH⁻2H2O+2e−→H2+2OH−
• Ukuhlukaniswa kukasawoti:I-membrane isiza ukuthuthwa kwe-ion okukhethiwe, ivumela ukugxila kwe-brine kanye nokubuyiselwa kwamanzi ahlanzekile.

3. Izicelo Ekuhlanzeni Amanzi Angcolile Anosawoti Ophakeme*
a.Ukubuyiswa kukasawoti kanye noValorization ye-Brine
Amasistimu e-ion-membrane angagxilisa imifudlana ye-brine (isb, ukusuka ku-RO reject) ukuze kucwebezeliswe usawoti noma ukukhiqizwa kwe-sodium hydroxide. Isibonelo, izitshalo zokukhipha usawoti emanzini olwandle zingabuyisa i-NaCl njengomkhiqizo owenziwe kabusha.

b.Ukuwohloka Okungcolisayo Okuphilayo
I-Electrochemical oxidation ku-anode yephula izinto eziphilayo eziphikisayo ngama-oxidants aqinile njenge-ClO⁻ ne-HOCl. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukususwa kwe-90% kwamakhompiyutha e-phenolic ku-HSW eyenziwe.

c.Ukususwa Kwensimbi Enzima
Izimo ze-alkaline ku-cathode zibangela ukujuluka kwe-hydroxide yezinsimbi (isb, i-Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺), kufinyelelwe >95% ukusebenza kahle kokususa.

d.Ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi
Izivivinyo zesikali sokuhlola zibonisa izilinganiso zokutholwa kwamanzi ahlanzekile ezedlula u-80% ngokusebenza okwehlisiwe ukusuka ku-150,000 µS/cm ukuya ku-<1,000 µS/cm.